Voltaire's Candide as an Attack on Optimism :: voltaire attack optimism candide leibnitz emphasized discours metaphysique discourse metaphysics 1686 role benevolent creator he called constituent components universe monads while philosophy little concern readers conclusion drew crucial understanding leibnitz argued linked complex chain cause effect linking divine created harmonious since omnipotent omniscient logically would best possible worlds hence everything candide voltaire candide attack optimism

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Voltaire's Attack on Optimism in Candide

   Leibnitz emphasized, in his Discours de Metaphysique (Discourse on Metaphysics) (1686) the role of a benevolent creator. He called the constituent components of the universe monads, and while the philosophy of monads is of little concern to readers of Candide, the conclusion which Leibnitz drew from these monads is crucial to an understanding of optimism.



Leibnitz argued that all of these monads were linked in a complex chain of cause and effect and that this linking had been done by a divine creator as he created the harmonious universe. Since he was benevolent, omnipotent, and omniscient, he logically would create the best of all possible worlds. Hence, everything that happens in the universe is part of this greater plan, and thus must be for the best. Humans cannot appreciate how the evils encountered in every day life contribute to the best of universes and universal harmony, but they do, nonetheless.

            Optimism was attractive to many because it answered a profound philosophical question ... [to view the full essay now, purchase below]

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